Determining the identity of an organic unknown Essay Example for Free

Determining the identity of an organic unknown Essay When supplied with a organic unknown there are many ways of determining its identity and it is important to use as much information as can be gained to work out the identity of an unknown as many are very similar in physical properties, chemical properties and/or chemical make up. In this experiment I will be using a flow chart to identify the functional group that the unknowns contain, and once I have suggested this I will then use spectra given to me to determine what the identity of the organic unknown is. I have been told that the organic unknown, will one of the following functional groups: Alcohols Probably the most common of these functional groups is the -OH group, which is known as the hydroxyl group. It is NOT the hydroxide ion, OH1-, as it does not have a charge. The dash in front of the OH stands for a single covalent bond, which is what will be formed between the oxygen and a carbon atom. An aliphatic hydrocarbon that has one hydroxyl group attached to a carbon is called an alcohol. The simplest alcohol is methyl alcohol, or methanol. The molecular formula is usually written as CH3OH, because it gives more of a picture of the actual structure than does CH4O. This way of writing the formula becomes more important as the number of carbons increases. Take the case of ethyl alcohol, or ethanol. The parent compound is ethane, so the formula is C2H6O, but C2H5OH gives specific information that the compound is an alcohol and not any other compound. Phenol Colourless solid, partially miscible in the cold water, soluble in organic solvents. Differ in many ways to aliphatic alcohols. Like alcohols contain -O-H group but also a benzene ring. The difficulty in substituting the -OH group is due to the stabilisation caused by the overlap of the p-orbital of the oxygen atom with the bonding in the ring. The situation is similar to that in chlorobenzene. Phenols have many chemical properties i) Acid-base properties Phenol is a stronger acid than water whereas aliphatic alcohols are weaker. The polarity of the hydroxyl bond facilitates the loss of a proton and the formation of a phenoxide ion and the delocalisation in the phenoxide ion also stabilises it as compared with RO- or OH- ions. If electron-withdrawing groups (-Cl) are substituted into the benzene ring the polarity of the O-H bond is increased still further giving still stronger acids. Aldehydes A new class of substituted hydrocarbons arises when an oxygen atom is double bonded to the carbon at the end of the chain. In this case there are two less hydrogen atoms, so instead of three end hydrogens, there is the C=O and only one hydrogen. The simplest aldehyde is, formaldehyde, CH2O. Its IUPAC name is methanal. It has an -al ending as opposed to the -ol ending that alcohols have. These compounds show the generic formula, H-R=O. Ketones A different class of organic compounds results if the C=O occurs somewhere along the chain other than on the end carbon. The simplest ketone has three carbons. It has the common name acetone, and is in most fingernail polishes and removers. It is sometimes called dimethyl ketone, but is more properly called propanone. Break apart the name to see how the name propanone gives a better picture of the compounds formula than does acetone. Â  First of all, the propan- indicates that the parent hydrocarbon is propane, and thus has three carbons. Second, the ending -one goes along with the ending of the name of the class of compounds to which it belongs, ketones. The generic formula for ketones is R-C=O(-R). Carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids have a more complex functional group, and if you look at it, you can see both the C=O of the aldehyde and the -OH of the alcohol. The organic, or carboxyl group, is -C=O(-OH), often written as COOH, or even CO2H. Organic acids may have more than one carboxyl group. The simplest organic acid is methanoic acid, CHOOH, or formic acid, to use the older name. Ants inject formic acid into their victim whem they bite them. The next in line is, of course, ethanoic acid, CH3COOH. Notice the ending, -oic, to the IUPAC name, and -ic, to the common name. There are some very important organic acids, and one of the most important is ascorbic acid, better known as Vitamin C. The generic formula is R-(COOH)x Why are these compounds acids? Well, they must be able to produce at least one hydrogen ion when they are put into solution, since that is the general definition for an acid. Even though these organic acids may contain quite a few hydrogen atoms in the molecule, only select hydrogens are able to be ionized or turned into hydrogen ions. These select hydrogens are those in the carboxyl group (-COOH) The presence of one or more of these groups, therefore, causes the compound to belong to the organic acids. Ester An ester results when there is an oxygen atom between two carbons in the chain. The simplest is dimethyl ester, which has the same molecular formula as ethanol. The way the formula is written to show the ester, rather than the alcohol, is CH3OCH3. There are two other esters of interest, ethylmethyl ester and diethyl ester. You should be able to write the formulas for each of these. Esters are represented as R-O-R, where R and R can be the same or different hydrocarbon units. Method Apparatus i 10 cm3 measuring cylinder i Teat pipette i Test tubes i Electric hotplate Reagents i Bromine water i 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine i Tollens reagent i Aqueous sodium carbonate i Lime water i Acidified potassium dichromate Only small volumes of the unknown compound need to be used in each test as they are in a pure form. Therefore I will only use 3cm3 of each reagent and the unknown compound. Test for presence of alcohol:An oxidation reaction must take place. Mix equal volumes (3cm3) of dilute sulphuric acid and potassium dichromate solution. Then add the same volume of the unknown to it. If the solution turns from orange to green then a primary or secondary alcohol group is present. Test for presence of a carbonyl group: A condensation reaction takes place. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution is added to the sample, if the solution turns into an orange precipitate then a carbonyl compound is present. Test to distinguish between a ketone and an aldehyde: An oxidation reaction takes place. Add a small volume of sodium hydroxide solution to 3cm3 of silver nitrate solution until a slight precipitate forms, than add ammonia solution dropwise until the precipitate dissolves. Then add a few drops of the unknown sample and warm in a water bath. If a silver mirror forms, then the compound has an aldehyde functional group. Test for presence of carboxylic acid: An acid / base reaction occurs. Aqueous sodium carbonate solution is added to the sample. If effervescence occurs and the gas evolved is carbon dioxide (test gas by bubbling into lime water) then a carboxylic acid group is present. Test for presence of phenol: A substitution reaction occurs. Bromine water is added to the sample and if a phenol group is present then the bromine water decolourises and a white precipitate is formed. Test for ester group: Esters have a distinct fruity smell. There is no simple test to carry out for identifying an ester, so I will determine the sample is an ester by negative results from the previous tests. Saftey Safety is imperative when carrying out experiments in the lab, this is even more true when the identity of a compound is unknown as it could have any dangerous properties, gloves should be used when handling substances and goggles worn, long hair tied back and cuts covered. Flow chart Results of organic tests All organic tests proved negative, apart from the test for an alderhyde although this test did not produce a silver mirror some dark precipitate was formed indicating the likeliness of the presence of an aldehyde. Analysis of spectropic data Conclusion I conclude that the organic unknown is an aldehyde this is because of the results found from the chemical tests performed , the specific aldehyde I believe the unkown to be is benzaldehyde. This is because not only does its physical properties fit those described in text books it also has the right structural formula to fit with the spectropic data provided. benzaldehyde benzaldehyde or benzenecarbonal , C6H5CHO, colourless liquid aldehyde with a characteristic almond odour. It boils at 180i C, is soluble in ethanol, but is insoluble in water. It is formed by partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol, and on oxidation forms benzoic acid. It is called oil of bitter almond, since it is formed when amygdalin, a glucoside present in the kernels of bitter almonds and in apricot pits, is hydrolysed, e. g. , by crushing the kernels or pits and boiling them in water; glucose and hydrogen cyanide (a poisonous gas) are also formed. It is also prepared by oxidation of toluene or benzyl chloride or by treating benzal chloride with an alkali, e.g. , sodium hydroxide. Benzaldehyde is used in the preparation of certain aniline dyes and of other products, including perfumes and flavourings. Evaluation Overall I feel this experiment went very well as I was able to determine both the functional group present and then with the aid of specropic data the exact compound. I carried out the experiment safely following all guideline set in my method. The only test that could have been performed more accurately was the test for an alderhyde that did not produce a silver mirror.

Freedom of Expression Must be Upheld in America Essay -- Argumentative

Freedom of Expression Must be Upheld in America It's the amendment all United States citizens know: the first. This amendment is so huge that there is even an organization dedicated to protecting the rights guaranteed by it called the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Some people nowadays disagree with the idea that freedom of expression is guaranteed, believing only freedom of speech and religious practices are express rights given by the constitution in the first amendment, and that the term "freedom of expression" is too broad an interpretation. Art, clothing, and other forms a person uses to express themselves can be severely limited some people argue; however if they were to take a look at some of the important events in the world's history, they would see that people, if they are not given the right of freedom of expression, don't express their opinion in a pacifistic manner. The Vietnam War is a perfect example of this; it shows many different ways of freedom of expression and how, if suppressed, the can get ugly. For instance, when people were peacefully protesti...

Issues of Politcs and Pubic Administration Dichotomy

Issues of Political Dichotomy and Public Administration Genyne Coleman South University Online Patricia Wright Kelly, J. , & Wanna, J. (2000). New public management and the politics of government budgeting. International Public Management Review, 1(1), 33-54. Retrieved from http://www3. imp. unisg. ch/org/idt/†¦ /IPMR_1_1_BUDGETING. pdf The article examines the New Public Management (NPM) to address government budget conflicts using the guardian-spender framework of political scientist Aaron Wildavsky’s.Wildavsky explains traditional budgetary politics as missing structure and formal procedure of financial control which resulted in the the dichotomous relationship of guardians and spenders. The guardian and spender relationship is examined under NPM that suggest they are forced to perform together rather than separate which makes for a streamline budget process. (Kelly & Wanna, 2000, â€Å"successful budgeting is portrayed as a product of ongoing guardian and spender rel ations: both roles are legitimate and necessary in resolving budget decisions.Dividing functions and responsibilities between spenders and guardians enables specialization, increases predictability and, therefore, reduces complexity in budget decision-making (p. 34)†. The article describes the current usefulness of guardian and spender as an effective evaluation tool The research used in this article encompasses different budgeting conflicts and strategies used by parliament and government.The relevance of the article to the research of dichotomy in politics and public administration is important as it examines the history of budgetary practices, conflicts, and its evolvement. The author presents an insightful and well drafted interpretation of forward thinking budgetary processes. Hildebrand, D. (2008). public administration as pragmatic, democratic,and objective. Public Administration Review, 222-229. Retrieved from http://www. academia. edu/597816/Public_administration_as_p ragmatic_democratic_

The Horus Statue of Nectanebo II and the Human-headed...

The Horus Statue of Nectanebo II and the Human-headed winged lion, also known as the Lamassu, are two pieces of art that are very different yet similar with each other in composition, representation, function, and style. Although they were created at two different points in history, the artists thought about and created the two art works in similar fashion. The work of art from the Egyptian period is a statue representing the god of war, the sun, and rulers, Horus. It was created in the time frame from three hundred sixty to three hundred forty-two B.C. It is titled The Horus Statue of Nectanebo II because the god Horus is seen protecting one of the kings, also known as pharaohs, of Egypt, Nectanebo II. Another similar work of art, a†¦show more content†¦The falcon figure was highly worshipped, and the animal was called the lord of the two lands, Upper and Lower Egypt. Like the lamassu, Horus wears a hat which symbolizes those two regions of Egypt. The cobra emblem on the hat represents royalty because it is also associated with the pharaoh. The lamassu creature is not a god but wears a hat and belt which are symbols of divinity. It makes the statue god-like in nature but does not represent a god in way the falcon does. The head of the statue was made to be a human’s representing humans’ intelligence. These works show that the artists were interested in animal anatomy. Although its body is made up of the parts of animals, the human-headed winged lion is far from being a natural creature. The statue of Horus is a much better example of the natural animal world because of the fine skill put into carving its anatomy. The natures and composition of the statues can explain for their differences in size and function. The artist of the Horus statue carved it to be realistic and natural looking, unlike the lamassu. The work was carefully carved from the material greywacke, which is hard and dark sandstone. The statue was carved out of the stone without backing like most early art. One is able to view all sides of the falcon by walking around the piece. The lamassu figure was carved from the material alabaster and was made to be unnatural with five

Biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1273 Words

When a child is born, his family is there to welcome him into the world. Whether he knows it or not, this family will eventually mold his character, views, and faith. Although all parents try their best to successfully raise their children, even the most perfect of families cannot hide their deep, dark secrets forever. Raised as a Puritan, Nathaniel Hawthorne grew up with a devout family intensely immersed in religion. As he matured, Hawthorne discovered that his seemingly pious family was disturbingly flawed, a discovery that would radically change his life. In his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Puritan family secrets aid in forming symbols of faith and evil and developing the inner complexities of his†¦show more content†¦These actions mimic those of Hawthorne’s ancestors, John and William. Both sets of ancestors were prejudiced enough to attack innocent people because of their religion, shocking and traumatizing their de scendants, Brown and Hawthorne. Additionally, Hawthorne’s portrayal of characters in the story stems from his pessimism. Along his path into the forest, Brown crosses paths with his priest. Upon seeing him, he is shocked to see that he is on his way to the devil’s meeting. Have all of the priest’s sermons about purity and resisting the devil been a lie? How could Brown have listened to this impure pastor each week? Was he affiliated with the devil all along? While he would have blindly followed his priest before their encounter, Brown now doubted his own judgment of the priest’s character. Later, Brown finds his childhood religion teacher, Goody Cloyse, and asks why she is in the forest so late at night. When he learns that she is also attending the meeting, he is shocked and says, â€Å"That old woman taught me my catechism† (Hawthorne 3). Even though Brown trusted and idolized Cloyse as a teacher, she was not as pure as she seemed. Through these characters, Hawthorne shows that, no matter how perfect a person may appear, even the most idolized members of society are tarnished by flaws. Throughout â€Å"Young GoodmanShow MoreRelatedBiography of Nathaniel Hawthorne547 Words   |  2 Pagesirritation of the original feeling of hostility (Hawthorne). Writers of the 1800s seemed to write in a way that would serve to the sentimental values of their readers and focus on bright, happy, or romantic topics. One Author, however, looked deep into the darker side of human nature and delved into topics such as: morality, sin, and redemption. This author was Nathaniel Hawthorne. On July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts, Nathaniel Hathorne was born to Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Clark Manning HathorneRead MoreBiography of Nathaniel Hawthorne 1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe tall and mysterious Nathaniel Hawthorne is a man of little understanding. We know him for being very secluded and alone much of the time. 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The Anti-Transcendentalist movement was a pessimisticRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne: A Brief Biography1277 Words   |  6 Pages On July 4, 1804, an author by the name of Nathaniel Hawthorne was born (Meltzer). As Hawthorne grew, he began to develop a view of himself as â€Å"the obscurest man in American letters.† Through the use of popular themes such as isolation, guilt, and earthly imperfection, Hawthorne was able to involve much of his life and ancestral past in his work to answer his own political and religious wonders (â€Å"Nathaniel†). Hawthorne successfully â€Å"confronts reality rather than evading it† in many of his storiesRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s Scarlet Fever 1254 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem Massachusetts. His father died of yellow fever when he was 4 years old and left behind a wife and 3 children. Hawthorne was raised by an abnormal and solitary mother. â€Å"He had a leg injury at a young age, which left him not being able to move for months (Biography)†. His leg injury, on the other hand, did not get in the way of what he was dreaming of doing growing up. During the time of his leg injury, Hawthorne developed anRead More Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown – Poverty in the Tale and in the Life of the Author1565 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Author  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Henry Seidel Canby in â€Å"A Skeptic Incompatible with His Time and His Past† mentions of Hawthorne that â€Å"human failures and their causes were more interesting to him than prophecies of success, one might truly say than success itself. †¦He was not, I think, really interested in escape, except in moods of financial discouragement. . . . (57). 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Erlich in â€Å"The Divided Artist and His Uncles† states that â€Å"Robert Manning made the esential decisions in the lives of the Hawthorne children and isRead More Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown – Poverty in the Tale and Author’s Life1650 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Twice-Told Tales: A Blend of Stories† makes reference to the widely-known poverty of the aspiring writer,Nathaniel Hawthorne: â€Å"True enough, Hawthorne planned more than once to write groups of tales and sketches somehow linked into a whole; but he could not get a publisher for them. When he did get a publisher in 1837, it had to be through the help of the hack-editor, Samuel Goodrich. . . .† (107) Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† includes traits of the modest lifestyle which the author was forcedRead MoreEssay on Nat haniel Hawthornes Life in His Works1556 Words   |  7 Pagesauthor Nathaniel Hawthorne, there are different elements that influence his writings. His life included many times of trials, many joys, and many ancestors that caused some turmoil within his mind. Two of his major works are influenced almost directly by his background (Werlock). Nathaniel Hawthorne threw his life into every single piece of his writing. His experiences, background, and the setting in which his life took place are prominent in everything he wrote. Nathaniel Hawthorne was bornRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne: An Author that Influenced and Reshaped our Literature1083 Words   |  5 Pagesbeing modified. American literature is no exception. Many great writers have influenced and reshaped our literature, and Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of them. He faced his problems and moved on. He was and is one of the most influential American writers, and he is more than a writer. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel and Elizabeth Hawthorne. His original last name was Hathorne, but he added the w when he started writing to avoid confusion with his great-grandfather

Climate Changes Effect On Antarctica Essay - 673 Words

Climate Changes Effect On Antarctica Climate change is a problem in the world today. Climate change is destroying Antarctica, endangering hundreds of millions of lives, and can be effectively reduced by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. My world problem is climate changes effect on Antarctica. The cause of this world wide issue is an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide enters our atmosphere through burning fossil fuels. Carbon Dioxide levels have risen just nineteen percent since 1987-337 parts per million then to just over 400 parts per million now (Atkin). Ozone depletion high above Antarctica is due to chlorofluorocarbons and other greenhouse gases (Atkin). High carbon dioxide levels in earth’s atmosphere†¦show more content†¦Many of these people are in developing countries that are ill equipped to deal with the problem (monaghan). When the water levels rise, all of these people will be forced to relocate as their whole cities, towns, and ho mes go underwater due to climate change in Antarctica. In places like Florida, Bangladesh, and other low-lying areas, even modest increases in sea levels—the kind possible before the beginning of the next century—would have dire, civilization-changing consequences (monaghan). According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), sea levels have been rising about three millimeters per year since 1993 – totaling a 200 millimeter increase (7.87 inches) in global averaged sea level since 1870. This is a threat to many lives all over the world and is fast approaching us. Glaciers also contain billions of gallons of freshwater, meaning a rapid melt could mess with the salinity of the ocean. Since our salty ocean absorbs much of the carbon dioxide we pump into the air, that’s not the best scenario for global warming (Atkin). Global warming will continue to get worse if we do not change our ways now. There are possible solutions to climate change and its effe cts on Antarctica but if not taken there will be grave consequences of inaction. A solution to climate change is reducing our greenhouse gas emissions. A solution to climate change is reducing our dependency on fossil fuels. Another possible solution is to start more green initiatives. CornShow MoreRelatedClimate Change Is A Serious Problem For The Planet Earth975 Words   |  4 Pages Climate change is the rise in the temperature of the earth’s surface mainly credited to the increased levels of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Climate change is a serious problem for the planet earth that have leaders from around the world worried about its effects. 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This problem started at the beginning of civilization and became worse during the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century. Older generations generated more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation. More carbon dioxide had a negative impact on the ecosystems of the planet. And the scientific definition of global climate representsRead MoreThe United States And Alaska1463 Words   |  6 PagesThe Western United States an d Alaska were slammed with massive heat in 2014. Records were broke in North America and across every inhabited continent. The oceans were warmer except around most of Antarctica. Scientists say that the warming of the ocean is, ...providing the energy that fuel damaging Pacific storms.. Along with record breaking heat temperatures, the 2014 year passed 2010 for the warmest year. The top 10 warmest years have occured since 1997. 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Summary for Video Script Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Summary for Video Script. Answer: Fundamental of entrepreneurship depends on the individual ability regarding exercise of skills on business acumen with the quality of leadership. For this purpose , different segments of entrepreneurship quality is to be considered to analyze problem and respective need, market and consumers with commercial viability of the proposed business. The proposed business is bakery business involved in manufacturing biscuits and cookies. The problem and need analysis justifies this selection as the product is serving daily need of the community. For customer analysis, Porters Five Forces analysis is selected as a proven management tool. For market analysis, I have considered the statistical data insisting on local demography and the choice of the consumers along with the life cycle of the products I have chosen. This segment also includes competitors activities of the market where I want to operate. Next domain is self and team assessment through analysis of internal capabilities which are c onsidered to be my strength. This includes my expertise in this business through my theoretical and practical knowledge and my team by whom I want to start this business with the objective to excel. Next and one of the most vital parts is to justify commercial viability of the proposed business. As an entrepreneur, I have clear ideas about the financial information and the basic signals they send. The basic financial information projected for this business is income statement, cash flow and calculation of return on investments for three years. With logical and justified projection on these areas, I would be able to understand how this business can sustain in long run with ethical practices and accomplishing the set objective as per mission statement of the organization. I have to also emphasize on the USP for which my products will be sold in the market. With proper analysis of the above, I can have clear idea to accomplish my business objectives.